Introduction
In Massachusetts, there are approximately 3,800
homeless families with pregnant women and children in the Massachusetts
Emergency Assistance (EA) shelter program (1). Historically, Massachusetts’ extensive
state-funded emergency shelter program is maintained through EA. In summer 2012,
Massachusetts began restricting funds to EA shelters to fund affordable housing
and homelessness prevention instead. There is a belief these reforms will
better serve families, providing new resources for them to get back on their
feet and on their way to self-sufficiency while maintaining a key safety net
for emergencies. However, these efforts to end family homelessness have resulted
in unintended consequences that hurt the very population they are meant to help.
Although the long-term effort to fund affordable
housing and prevent homelessness is valid, it does not eradicate the immediate
issue of families already homeless with nowhere to go. Along with promoting the
stigma of homelessness, Massachusetts’ recent policy change precipitously
restricts access to emergency shelters. This sudden decline in shelter access
denies the basic needs of families struggling to stay afloat and places a
burden on health services working tirelessly to support these families. To
begin to resolve this issue will require a change in current policies as well
as helping families fulfill their basic needs by teaching them to be advocates
for themselves.
Background
In
January 2008, the Massachusetts Commission to End Homelessness released a
comprehensive five-year plan to eliminate homelessness in Massachusetts (2). As a result of this
report, the responsibility of EA was transferred from the Department of
Transitional Assistance to the Department of Housing and Community Development
(DHCD). In addition, the Deval Patrick
administration proposed to restrict EA shelter access for fiscal year 2012 to
only families that fit into narrow categories and not provide these families
with any form of rental assistance but rather potentially refer them to a
homelessness prevention program (3). These revised categories for EA shelter
eligibility include: (A) families
who are at risk of domestic abuse in their current housing or who are homeless
because they fled domestic violence, (B)
families who are homeless due to natural disaster, (C) families who are homeless because they have been evicted due to
foreclosure or nonpayment of rent due to a disability or medical condition, and
(D) families who have no tenancy of
their own and are “doubled-up” with other households or are staying in a place
not meant for human habitation (4).
The
intention of these efforts are to satisfy the idea of “Housing First”: a model whereby moving homeless
families immediately into permanent, affordable housing is the primary goal (5).Unfortunately, housing first is the last thing
that is happening in Massachusetts. The problem: left out of these categories for
EA eligibility is families at imminent
risk of staying in a place not meant for human habitation (3).” In this case, if a family is in danger of
becoming homeless they cannot access an emergency shelter. The family will have
to spend the night is some place not suitable for human habitation, such an
abandoned property or their own car, before they can be considered qualified for
shelter. Thus, what was proposed and implemented as a safety net is actually
leaving more people out of housing. Since September 2012, the application rate
for EA shelter has increased from 40% last year to 75% and over one hundred
families have been placed in shelter only after they slept in places not
suitable for living (3). Shifting funding from vital EA shelters and using
the “savings” to fund housing resources for other families has many
consequences and is the focus of this critique.
Families Staying in Unstable
Conditions Have Unmet Basic Needs
Families are put at great risk because of the
current state of homelessness left in the wake of recent reforms. To be
eligible for EA shelter, children and their parents must “officially” become
homeless. Even if a family is fortunate enough to find shelter it is still not
a promise of better living. Oftentimes, the shelters can be overcrowded and dangerous.
Yet, it is better to stay in a shelter despite these conditions because to
leave the shelter system denies families many other shelter resources. Other
families may find themselves housed in motels
located on highways where there is no easy access to grocery shopping and
little to no resources to cook a meal. Retired
social work professor from Bridgewater State University and homeless advocate,
Betty Reid Mandell, describes how some
motels had roaches, lice, or rats. Couples on one-night stands, as well as
prostitutes and pimps frequented some motels (6).
The effect with having children in such an
inappropriate environment can be devastating. The
chronic stress and deprivation associated with
homelessness may have long-term effects on development and functioning (7).
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs elucidates why the homeless’ motivations to achieve
self-actualization or purpose in life is hampered. At the core of Maslow’s
theory are two important ideas: (A)
there are multiple and independent fundamental motivational systems and (B) these motives form a hierarchy in
which some motives have priority over others (8). At
each level you can argue how Massachusetts EA shelter reform is preventing
needs from being met for homeless families.
Unmet
Physiological Needs
At the bottom of this hierarchy are physiological
needs such as food, water, and sleep. If these requirements are not met, the
human body cannot function properly, and will ultimately fail (9). Physiological needs are thought to be the most
important and they should be met first. Without the satisfaction of lower order
needs, individuals will not pursue higher order needs. Homeless families who
are disadvantaged find it harder to achieve upward mobility in their life
because all their attention is focused on lower order needs. Facing such
irregular housing conditions places the entire family in a constant state of
stress. A family denied shelter might not know where their next meal is coming
from, where they can take a shower, or where they will rest their head at
night. Families denied shelter are forced to sleep in overcrowded and stressful
doubled-up situations, moving from place to place and missing school and work,
all of which is upsetting for a child (3). Such situations can lead to increased behavioral
and mental health problems.
Unmet
Safety Needs
Safety needs include the security of body,
employment, resources, health, and family (9). Because of EA shelter reform, families face
living on the street because of the unwillingness of DHCD to provide emergency
shelter access. The Massachusetts Law Reform Institute supports families facing
this predicament. They come across families living in dangerous situations on a
daily basis. One such case involved a woman and her 9-month-old baby who had
originally stayed with three different acquaintances over the course of a week.
Out of options, the woman turned to DHCD for assistance but was turned down
because she was unable to get letters from her former hosts verifying her
living situation. As a result, this woman and her baby stayed in South Station.
Out of desperation to have a place to stay, this woman accepted the help of a
stranger but ended up being raped by her supposed savior (3). For others living in motels, minor violations
leave people facing the possibility of eviction. In one instance, a family was
terminated from the shelter system because the mother and some of her family
helped another resident with a sleeping baby carry some items into the
resident’s room. This was in violation of the “no guests” rule (3). Such situations clearly reveal that current
regulations make it impossible for the homeless to feel secure in their housing
status.
Unmet
Needs of Love and Belonging
A need of love and belonging include friendship,
family, and sexual intimacy (9). According to Maslow, humans need a sense of belonging and
need to feel loved (9). The desire to feel needed is especially strained
when a family is moving from place to place among acquaintances that can no
longer support you. Children face the reality of not having a place to call
home. Also, the constant moving from place to place keep children out of school
and away from their peers. With such inconsistent living conditions it is
impossible for homeless families to feel like they belong. A community may
exist in a shelter but strict rules preventing fraternization within shelter
rooms greatly inhibit building a greater sense of community.
Unmet
Need of Self-Esteem
Esteem presents the
typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. Maslow described two types of esteem: lower and
higher. Whereas lower esteem is the need to have respect from others, higher
esteem is the need for self-respect (9). Dealing with the system to find shelter can be a grueling
and demoralizing process. Self-esteem can be low for a parent that feels
humiliated by DHCD in front of his or her own children. Families often report
feeling like DHCD is trying to get them to leave the office and does not want
to help them (3).
These families do not receive the respect from the people they are
appealing to help for. Without this lower level of esteem achieving a higher
level of esteem or respect for oneself is difficult.
Unmet
Need of Self-Actualization
Maslow described self-actualization as
recognizing that each individual is fitted best to do something in this world
and that individual needs to realize their full potential (9). Without having the resources to begin fulfilling
the basic needs Maslow described in his hierarchy model, homeless families
cannot begin to fathom what their purpose in life is. Their sole focus is on
surviving and meeting those basic physiological and safety needs.
Without having basic needs met, homeless families
or those facing homelessness do not have the motivation begin to pick up the
pieces and move forward with their life. These concerns over unmet needs were
voiced recently at a public hearing in Springfield, MA in October 2012 (10). Nonetheless, the DHCD declined to revise
regulations to provide shelter to children and families at imminent risk of
staying in a place not meant for human habitation (11). Thus, families will have to continue facing
irregular housing conditions that deny fulfillment of basic physiological,
safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Promotion of Homeless Stigma
Another unintended consequence of Massachusetts’ Emergency
Assistance shelter reform is the stigmatization of homeless families. A stigma is an attribute that spoils an individual’s identity (12). In particular, Erving Goffman describes
a type of stigma that involves membership in socially devalued groups such as
racial and ethnic minorities or gender (12). The homeless is considered such a
socially devalued group that faces stigmatization from their fellow citizens (13).
Families are acutely aware of their sate of
homelessness. With the new reform, those imminently facing homelessness will
have to become homeless to be eligible for shelter. Once this happens these
families take on the stigma of homelessness. It is all they can do to protect themselves
from facing the harsh realities of being homeless. Coping strategies are needed to provide
protection when dealing with people outside of their world. Individuals may try to hide their stigma
if it can be disguised, and limit its social impact on one’s identity (12). One coping strategy may be withdrawal
by limiting one’s participation in society. This withdrawal does little to help
a homeless family flourish.
There is a sense to blame the disadvantaged for
their own predicament (13). Shelter programs are shaped by prevailing views
of the poor, who are considered to be generally inadequate and incompetent and
in need of reform. In "A
Roof Over my Head," Jean Calterone Williams expresses this well: “By
making many aspects of their programs mandatory . . . shelters give the
impression that homeless people will not take the initiative on their own to
look for work or housing, enroll their children in school, or keep their living
spaces clean. They must be forced to do so. By mandating budgeting classes,
shelters suggest that people become homeless in part because they are
irresponsible with their money. It is in a sense a symbiotic relationship:
shelter programs influence the ways housed people think about homelessness, the
views of the housed public - whether ordinary citizens or policymakers - affect
the formation of shelter programs and how such programs treat homeless people” (14).
William’s words express a truth about homelessness: families facing
homelessness or who are already homeless have lost control of their life
oftentimes due to uncontrollable circumstances. Yet, the rest of society will
view them as being at fault for their situation. This perception creates a
stigma on the homeless as hopeless needy people that need direction in their
lives.
Burden on Healthcare System
The changes in Massachusetts policy for housing the
homeless has far reaching consequences. In recent months, the Massachusetts
healthcare system has seen an influx of families in their primary care clinics
and emergency departments. Boston Medical Center pediatricians have reported a
30% increase in homeless families arriving in the hospital (3). Families who would have previously been provided
with a shelter prior to the policy change find themselves spending the night in
the emergency department to satisfy the new criterion of spending the night in
a place not fit for habitation (3). While a hospital can provide the health care
families require, an emergency room is not the most suitable place for a family
to stay. An emergency department is not appropriately equipped to provide food,
sleeping, or bathing arrangements as a shelter can. Also, families are
unnecessarily exposed to illness, which can compromise health. Furthermore,
emergency departments can be overcrowded and do not have the staff or room to
accommodate homeless families looking for shelter. And while emergency
departments resorting to the last option allow families to stay overnight,
other patients who are truly ill and require the resources of the hospital
suffer.
The cost of treating a homeless family in the
emergency department turns out to be more expensive than housing a family in a
shelter (3). This disparity is driving up healthcare costs.
The current model of providing medical care for these families and subsequently
allowing them to stay overnight in hospital beds is financially unstable. It is
estimated that the cost to take care of a family in the emergency room in 2013
averages around $334. These costs may increase if additional testing or
inpatient care is required. Whereas the cost of housing a family in a shelter averages
around $85 per night (3). Placing this burden on the healthcare system eventually
ends up costing Massachusetts more money.
There is also a strain on staff working to find
solutions for families in crisis. Boston Children’s Hospital social workers
have reported a 50% increase in the social work hours devoted to helping
homeless families since the new regulations took place (3). Healthcare
workers have become advocates for these families fighting DHCD to ensure
families have someone to rely on but at a great emotional cost. Advocates
become vested in fighting for these families. The frustration of the system
working against the homeless can induce a great amount of stress for workers. Understanding
that this policy has social, emotional, and economic consequences is important
to begin combating the issue of homelessness in Massachusetts.
Proposed Policy Changes
In order to address the issues of the Massachusetts
homeless housing crisis a solution requires a multi-faceted look at the problem
of homelessness in the short and long term. Policy addressing the most urgent
problems of the homeless crisis and long-term approaches to the underlying
problem of homelessness is required.
For the short term it is vital to maintain access
to emergency assistance shelters. To achieve this goal will require the language in the current
policy to be strengthened to include families in imminent danger of living in unsuitable conditions to be eligible
for EA. In this way, families do not have to experience the fear and
hopelessness of becoming homeless. New policy will also need to prevent denial
of EA while trying to verify third party resources and end unfair termination
from motels.
Beyond policy changes the people facing
homelessness need to become advocates. Currently, legal services help families
fight against evictions and to navigate the homeless system if they do lose
their home. Such support should continue. Encouragement to families to make
their voices heard to affect policy change is also required.
For the long-term, more permanent affordable
housing is essential. Long waiting lines for affordable housing programs such
as Section 8 and the Rental Voucher Program indicate the necessity for
increased investment of such programs. When housing becomes available there has
to be a fair distribution of these resources. Further investment in
homelessness prevention programs is also a necessity. Once a system is in place
to immediately place families in stable housing situations, a true “Housing
First” policy will exist.
Proposed Changes Ensure Stability for Families to Build Hierarchy of Needs
Proposed Changes Ensure Stability for Families to Build Hierarchy of Needs
The proposed policy has many components that will
give homeless families the foundation they need to fulfill their hierarchy of
needs from the ground up. By requiring language in EA shelter policy to include
those at imminent risk of having to stay in a place not meant for human
habitation, families no longer have to fear not having the basic needs of sleep
and food. Safety needs are also met since there is no danger of living in
dangerous situations. In order to ensure that the basic need of safety is met
it is a must to keep access to EA shelters.
To help families achieve higher needs such as love
and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization they must have the confidence
that their living situation is not fleeting. Current efforts to prevent
homelessness like Residential Assistance for Families in Transition (RAFT), is
helpful but is only for the short term. With the proposed intervention, such
programs would be expanded upon and be more long term. For those in the shelter
system, a systematic way of fairly distributing available affordable housing
resources is a must. Current policy does not distribute housing subsidies to
those families who have been in the shelter system the longest or with those
who may have disability needs (3). With the new proposed policy those in need of
housing will get the resources they need in an organized fashion that will
leave no room for doubt. A greater
sense of security will allow these families to start thinking beyond the day-to-day
struggle to stay housed. With the
sense that things are proceeding orderly and everyone in the family is in a
less hyper aroused state of stress.
Proposed Changes Eliminate Stigma by
Promoting Advocacy
There are certain methods to combat stigma.
One such method consists of creating a social movement to fight the negative
stereotypes attached to a given stigma (12).
Prevent families from feeling stigmatized by helping them to become advocates
from themselves. One key to helping those in crisis is education. In such an
overwhelming situation, families are not be privy to the resources available to
them and what their rights are.
For instance, families applying for shelter may be reluctant to reveal
all details of their housing situation. They feel that if it is known parent
and child are sleeping in uninhabitable conditions (such as a car) they could risk
losing their children and end up being denied shelter. Unfortunately, under
current policy this omission of truth makes them ineligible for shelter. There
are protections for families in such situations that would prevent child
services from separating children from their parents (3). Therefore, education
is required to make families aware of the policy to prevent this from
happening. Families that end up in
health center clinics or emergency departments may be connected to advocates
that can help them through the process. Still, there are many families that
social workers and other advocates may not hear about. An expansion in homeless
prevention programs can put advocates in contact with the people who need
resources the most.
Another component of building advocacy and bringing
the issue of homelessness to the forefront is agenda setting. By framing the
issue of homelessness appropriately, emphasizing the core value of independence,
families can fight to have policy reformed. The voice of this issue should not
solely be the experts who do the research. The voices of families experiencing
homelessness are also needed. Personal narratives are vital to produce the
emotional heft required to grab attention. There are countless stories of
homeless families that should be heard to shape public perception. To have the
public understand that no child should have to sleep on the street gain access
to EA will help build support for action. As important as it is to hear their
stories, it is also important the homeless not be portrayed in the media as
victims or “other” people in our society as many media outlets do (15). Instead, the homeless should be expert sources to
inform the public about the issues of homelessness in general. They deserve to
be treated as citizens with valid opinions and solutions to the issue. Productively
contributing to the debate of homeless policy is a source of empowerment that
can eliminate the stigma homeless families may experience.
Proposed Changes Reduce the Burden on
the Healthcare System
Hospitals emergency departments can no longer serve
as a place to house the homeless. Resources need to be focused on those truly
needing emergency care. Providing shelter will help to ease the burden on
healthcare services. While working to house the homeless in appropriate shelter,
it is important not to forget healthcare needs. The homeless are sicker
and have mortality rates higher than the general population (16).
Providing housing can serve as a solution of reducing illness. Dr. Bella
Schanzer’s longitudinal study found that newly homeless persons struggle under
the combined burdens of residential instability and significant levels of
physical disease and mental illness, but many experience some improvements in
their health status and access to care during their time in the homeless
shelter system (17). By
providing housing stability, the basic health needs of the homeless can begin
to improve. To achieve this goal will require commitment to meaningful
collaboration between the medical community and the DHCD.
Conclusion
While Massachusetts’ commitment to providing
housing, shelter, and emergency assistance to low-income families is
commendable, recent policy change limiting the eligibility to emergency
assistance has resulted in devastating consequences that influences families
facing homelessness as well as the healthcare system. Shifting funds from the
EA shelter to homelessness prevention does not help the situation. The current
policy “pretends” there are less homeless people by letting less homeless
people into emergency assistance shelters. Families stuck in this precarious
and daunting system face emotional and physical stress. Many essential needs
are left unmet which puts a strain on the homeless leaving them feeling stigmatized.
Ultimately, to solve the housing crisis more affordable
housing is required in Massachusetts along with reformed policy accounting for
families facing homelessness. Those facing this crisis should be educated about
their rights and become advocates for the issue. With a comprehensive reform of
policy in place Massachusetts can begin to solve the crisis of family
homelessness.
References
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